Active site turnover
A substrate drops into the notch of an enzyme, is converted to a product of a different shape, and the product leaves the site empty again.
CSS
Digestive
15 animationsBiliary release
The reservoir contracts and sends one metered pulse of bile down the duct to the outlet before refilling.
CSSCarrier transport
A carrier in the membrane takes one unit from the lumen side, turns through half a revolution and releases it on the blood side.
CSSEmulsification
One coarse droplet divides into a grid of fine ones and the surface-area gauge beside it climbs to full.
CSSEnzymatic cleavage
A chain of linked units is cut at one bond and the two fragments part to either side of the break.
CSSFermentation yield
Substrate in the distal chamber drains away while the yield column beside it books the product in discrete steps.
CSSFirst-pass extraction
Load crosses a bank of sinusoid filters, one unit in three is drawn off into the tray below and what leaves on the right leaves reduced.
CSSOsmotic equalisation
Two unequal columns either side of a semipermeable rule run to the same height, then a fresh charge restores the gradient.
CSSPeristaltic wave
A constriction band travels the length of a tube and drives a bolus ahead of it, the tube relaxing back behind the wave.
CSSpH window
A probe sweeps the pH scale and the enzyme activity bar only reaches full height inside the bracketed window, which lights as it enters.
CSSPortal confluence
Three tributaries each deliver a load into the confluence node and one longer run leaves on the trunk carrying the combined total.
CSSReflux backflow
The valve leaves fail back into the duct wall and a unit travels the wrong way up the duct, breaking the limit rule above it.
CSSSegmentation mixing
Alternating pinches divide a column into pockets and then re-divide it out of phase, mixing the contents without moving them along.
CSSSphincter gate
Packets advance up to a shut aperture and hold there; the aperture folds open, one batch passes through, and it closes again.
CSSVillus absorption
Units fall through the gaps of the villus comb, land on the capillary rail below and are carried away along it.
CSS